I

Page 617

As for Wang Longxi and Wang Taizhou mentioned by Liu Bian, one is Wang Ji, the founder of Zhezhong Wangmen, and the other is Wang Gen, the founder of Taizhou School.These two schools of thought belong to the leftist school of mind, and their academic views are very extreme.For example, the Taizhou school advocates equality in the world, equality in all industries, everyone can be a saint, and hard work and life is learning.

Zhezhong Wangmen was once popular in Zhejiang, and it was the orthodoxy of the whole country.The thoughts of Jishan School and Yaojiang School are actually inherited from Wangmen in Central Zhejiang.But as a new school, if you want to rise, you have to overthrow the authority. Only by completely overthrowing the Zhezhong Wangmen can the Jishan School and the Yaojiang School win the morality of the mind. In history, the Yaojiang School succeeded, and it was also called the "Yangming School". .

The scholars here today seem to come from only two schools of thought, but they have actually split into six or seven factions.

They debate whether men and women are false, and take the opportunity to compete for the truth of morality!

"I think what Chen Qianchu (Chen Que) said makes sense," Shi Biao stood up suddenly, "A saint should be a human being, and a human being has the seven emotions and six desires. Those who don't have the seven emotions and six desires are not humans, nor are they saints, but gods in the sky!"

Shi Biao suddenly supported Chen Que, which many people did not expect.

Historically, Shi Biao was the third-generation lecturer of the Yaojiang School, and his views at this time clearly showed signs of becoming a heresy in the sect.

"Cough cough!"

Shen Guomo coughed suddenly, and the disciples immediately shouted for silence.

Shen Guomo is one of the founders of the Yaojiang School and the oldest qualified senior of Zhejiang Xinxue.He didn't look at his personal disciple Shi Biao, but said to everyone: "Today's debate is whether a woman can be an official through the imperial examination. Don't discuss whether a sage is a human being."

Facing his seniors, Chen Que didn't give any face to him: "Whether it is a sage, he is just looking for fish after a tree. The saying that men are superior to women all come from the classics of sages and sages. How can we discuss without sages? What is Confucianism and what is the study of sages? In my opinion, Knowing mistakes and being able to correct them is holy learning. If you are wrong, you are wrong, and you can correct it. Saints also have mistakes, and we disciples of holy learning have the responsibility to help saints correct their mistakes!"

Shi Biao echoed, "That's a great word!"

"Bullshit!"

Shen Guomo scolded.

Shi Biao turned around and bowed to his mentor, "Sir, I don't want to abandon my teacher today, but I really think so. A saint is also a human being, and a saint has made mistakes, as long as he corrects it."

Chen Que continued: "Let's not talk about whether the sage is wrong. Are the current Confucian classics really what the sage said? The article "Great Learning" is a fake in my opinion!"

"Chong!"

Liu Bian drew his sword out of its sheath, pointed at Chen Que and said, "Zhuzi, you and I are irreconcilable!"

The main academic achievements of Liu Bian's father and Chen Que's mentor Liu Zongzhou came from "Great Learning".At this moment, Chen Que actually said that "The Great Learning" was a forgery, which directly dug out the foundation of Liu Zongzhou's thinking.

"Teacher calm down!"

All the disciples hurriedly grabbed Liu Bi, for fear that he would really charge up and kill people.

Before, I agreed with Chen Que's historical standard, but now I also start to object: "Brother Qianchu, although I agree with your sacred point of view, "The Great Learning" cannot be a forgery!"

Chen Que walked to the center of the debate, stood with his hands behind his back and said, ""The Great Learning" must be a fake. Even if it is not a fake, there are many mistakes. "The Great Learning" says that 'knowledge ends at perfection', how absurd is that? I think , Tao is endless, and knowledge is also endless. The world is vast and the universe is vast. Where can there be any goodness? The bestness here is not the bestness there. There is today’s bestness today, and tomorrow there will be tomorrow’s bestness. Confucius The supreme goodness of the Meng era may not necessarily be the supreme goodness of the Datong new dynasty!"

But Shi Biao said: "There are thousands of roads, but the same goal by different routes. The road is the ultimate good, and it has never changed."

The two guys who betrayed Shimen agreed with each other just now, but now they are arguing again.

Chen Que asked: "Is the way of men and women a great way? Do you agree with women's imperial examinations to be officials?"

Shi Biao replied: "I am in favor of women's imperial examinations to be officials, but I don't think men and women are the great way. The way of men and women is just a small road under the great road. The small road can be changed. In ancient times, everyone could not study. In ancient times, farming could only rely on Men. Now that the world has changed, everyone can study, women can go to school, and women can farm and work. Now that the world has changed, the ways of men and women will also change. Women should pay more and get more. It is not absurd for a woman to become an official through the imperial examination."

Chen Que smiled and said, "Then let's put aside our dissent today and debate with these rotten scholars together!"

"I like it very much." Shi Biao immediately reached a consensus with Chen Que.

All present were disciples of the Mind School, but there were a lot of academic differences.If you insist on saying that there is any common thinking, there are only two: first, Wang Yangming is a saint; second, Buddhism is harmful to people.

Although most disciples of Xinxue have Zen thoughts, they basically advocate "elimination of Buddha", and some radicals even advocate "elimination of Buddha".Many ministers of the Ming Dynasty who were born in Xinxue had deeds of destroying temples, forcing monks to return to secular life, distributing temple land to the common people, and using temple wood and stones to build schools.

Jiang Xizhe suddenly stood up. This guy is also a representative of the Jishan School and is currently a teacher in Kuaiji County Middle School.He immediately refuted the views of the two: "The morals of the world are indeed changing, but the Dao remains the same, and the way of men and women is also the Dao. Your Majesty has the theory of personality, and also agrees that men and women have different personalities. The difference between men and women is due to nature, which is eternal. The reason for change. You say that women can study, work and farm, but it’s just an expedient change. When Datong China prospers, men will be able to do all these things. Women’s nature should be to care for their husbands and teach their children!”

In history, Jiang Xizhe, as a professor of county studies, served as the acting magistrate of the Qing Dynasty.Zheng Chenggong led his troops to kill, but this guy actually recruited troops to defend the city, and he insisted on defending until the Eight Banners reinforcements arrived, which led to Zheng Chenggong's defeat and withdrawal from Zhejiang.

Shi Biao scoffed, and said with a sneer: "Confucianism has the theory of sex. I only heard that nature is good and nature is evil, but I have never heard of sex as a husband and a child."

"Hahahaha!"

The Hangzhou college students watching the debate burst into laughter.

Jiang Xizhe said: "All things in the world are born with energy, and all have their nature. The nature I am talking about is not the nature of good and evil, but the innate nature of all things. The softness of water is the nature. The firmness of stone is the nature. Male To be strong is to be disposition. To be a woman is to be soft, to be disposition. When a woman is born to be a master, she should care for her husband, teach her children, and serve her parents-in-law. This is a woman’s innate disposition. Once it is violated, it will be a reversal of yin and yang.”

A student of Hangzhou University stood up and said, "No, no. Although water is soft, it can turn ice into firmness. Although metal and stone are hard, they can be refined into water. The teacher at the school taught this. Jiang Sir, you have never studied physics, so don't use this as an example."

Jiang Xizhe's mind turned quickly: "Water freezes into ice, gold and stone refine water, it's not abnormal, it's just an expedient measure. As long as the temperature is normal, water will still be water, and stone will still be stone. Just like a woman reading and plowing the fields, it is also expedient. The plan is, when the population of the world is prosperous, there will be no need to tire the women to plow the fields."

Another college student stood up and said, "Why don't you tell us about women weaving? As early as the Ming Dynasty, there were many women working as weavers. At that time, the population was prosperous, and women also came out to work! This is not an expedient measure!"

Jiang Xizhe said: "It is also natural for men to farm and women to weave. It is natural for women to be weavers. It is nothing more than going from home to the factory. I think that as long as it is a textile factory, there can only be female workers and no male workers. There is a difference between men and women. Even if there are male workers, they cannot be in the same room with female workers."

The college student just said angrily: "You were not born in a poor family, but I came from the mountainous area in southern Zhejiang. The mountainous area is poor. My father and mother usually work. My mother spins yarn at night, cooks three meals a day, and plows the land during the day." , I have to cut firewood in my spare time. Nowadays, it is popular to raise pigs at home. In addition to feeding chickens and ducks, my mother also has to hunt pig grass and cook pig food. Mother is so hard, why do you say that women should be husbands? Godchild? If my mother only cared for her husband and raised her son, I would have starved to death long ago, let alone go to school, let alone get admitted to Hangzhou University at public expense!"

"well said!"

Some students and scholars from poor backgrounds immediately applauded this passage.

Soon, more and more students joined the discussion.They were here to watch, but they couldn't help expressing their opinions.These students are obviously more open-minded, and most of them support women's imperial examinations as officials.

Don't talk about women's imperial examinations, it will take up their quota of Jinshi.They are college students themselves, knowing that it is difficult for female students to graduate, and most of them get married before graduation.What's more, they like to have girls in the school. Every girl is a treasure. Even if they are ugly, they are favored by the group. They are very willing to help girls speak.

With these college students, the debate format began to be one-sided.

In other words, because there are too many speakers, this debate can no longer go on.

Chapter 807 [Became the Prince's Teacher]

The academic thinking of the Datong New Dynasty was too chaotic, full of Confucian scholars' self-doubt about Confucianism.

This phenomenon did not start from the fall of the Ming Dynasty, but appeared as early as the Wanli period.

If we push it forward, we can push it to the Zhengde and Jiajing years, and Wang Yangming is one of them.But Wang Yangming's thought soon split into numerous factions.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the reputation of Xinxue was extremely bad, and it was necessary to use Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism to criticize Yangming Xinxue, which had been reduced to empty talk and metaphysics.

In the final analysis, this ideological movement, which lasted for hundreds of years, was brought about by the social development of the Ming Dynasty.

With the great development of productivity, the rise of the merchant class, the growth of the citizen class, and the prosperity of the township economy, it is difficult for traditional Confucianism to deal with new social relations.However, the political corruption and the decline of people's livelihood in the late Ming Dynasty, as well as the entry of the Manchu Qing into the customs, only exacerbated this phenomenon-it is a pity that this ideological movement was strangled to death by the Manchu Qing in history.The self-renewal of Confucianism was also interrupted, and it was not rekindled until the Opium War.

In the new dynasty of Datong, at the beginning of the founding of the country, Confucian scholars were still reflecting.

Some people are more conservative, thinking that we should go back to the old, pick up the Confucian classics of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and pursue the original meaning of the Confucian sages.This kind of people can be collectively referred to as "retro faction".

Some people are relatively conservative and think that it should be improved, combining Cheng Zhu Neo Confucianism with Lu Wang Xinxue, and integrating Western and Western culture from Europe.Such people can be collectively referred to as "real school".

Some people are more radical, skeptical of Confucian classics, skeptical of the sages of Confucius and Mencius, and believe that sages and classics are not necessarily correct.Don't think about retro, don't even think about adding private goods to the classics, since the saints and the classics are wrong, let's just go and correct them.There are very few such people, and they can be collectively referred to as "crazy Confucians".

A debate about whether a woman should take the imperial examination to become an official, centered in Nanjing, spread rapidly to surrounding provinces with the help of the postal system.What retro school, what practical school, all were blown out.

The debate on women's rights has become the fuse, and more and more purely academic articles have been published.

The focus of everyone's discussion is how to develop Confucianism in the future!

"Your Majesty, this article is the most radical. It was published by Professor Chen Que of Hangzhou University in the Nanjing Business Daily under his real name," said Li Xiangjun. He refuted it. However, many emerging schools also put aside their disputes and sided with Chen Que."

This is tantamount to Chen Que turning the situation of a chaotic battle into two distinct camps with only one article.

Zhao Han was quite surprised, and quickly picked it up to read.

As he read it, Zhao Han praised: "Cruel officials use the law to harm the people, and upright Confucianism kills people with reason. This sentence is beautifully written, and this gentleman actually..."

It is inconvenient to say later, because it does not belong to this time and space.

These two sentences are very similar to Dai Zhen's famous saying, and Dai Zhen lived in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Chen Que's article is more radical and comprehensive than that of Dai Zhen.He said that with Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, everyone is now reasonable, and even foolish men and women quarrel and say that they have "reason".The elders use reason to reprimand the younger, and the venerable use reason to reprimand the humble. Even if it is unreasonable, it becomes reasonable, and the younger and the humble fight for reason and become disobedient.

People with high positions and high positions, and people with sharp tongues, seem very reasonable.People with low status and poor eloquence seem to be unreasonable.

Therefore, "reason" has gone astray, and Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism has become a tool to shackle thinking.

Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, including Wang Yangming's Xinxue, all recognized the theory of qi and principle.But Chen confirmed that in addition to Qi, Xinxing should also be added.The theory of xinxing existed before, but it must be elevated to the same status as qi.

Qi, reason, heart, and nature, the combination of the four is the real way of heaven.

Even, Chen Que introduced the concept of physics.

Qi is the material foundation of the universe and the basic element of the world.

Li is the law of all things, not only the law of nature, but also the law of society, and even all the ethics and laws in the world.

The heart is conscience, the basis for human beings to understand nature and society, and the ideological tool for human beings to deal with problems.

Sex is desire, seeking advantage and avoiding harm is sex, being filial to parents is sex, being greedy for money and lust is also sex.The distinction between good and evil in nature can be corrected and educated with Confucianism, and it is enough to advocate benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust.

With the heart as the cognition, the nature as the driving force, the qi as the foundation, and the principle as the criterion, only when the four are coordinated and unified can one truly become a gentleman.

As for whether a woman should be an official in the imperial examination, it can also be explained in terms of temperament.

Qi is constantly running, society is constantly improving, and productivity is constantly developing.Poor women must leave the family, or plow the fields, or work.Rich girls, because of financial support, can already leave the family.This is an objective fact and does not need to be refuted.Women's imperial examinations to become officials is just a further step on this basis.

Principle follows qi, and it is constantly changing. The idea that men are superior to women is not suitable for social development, so His Majesty the Emperor proposed the theory of personality.Since men and women are equal in personality, it is not a deviant thing for a woman to be an official in the imperial examination, as long as the woman has enough talent.

Heart and nature are the key to this debate.

Some people's hearts, that is, cognition, have not kept up with the development of society, and they look down on women from the bottom of their hearts.This is a deviation of conscience, which needs more time to accept.

Some people want to suppress women, and they don't want to let women have a higher status. They have various interests.

Including the natural sciences that are still in decline, Chen Que also uses this method to explain.Qi is matter, reason is law, heart is cognition, sex is motivation, and all the elements for studying natural science are available.

After reading this article, Zhao Han thought for a while and said: "The next issue of "Datong Monthly" will reprint this article in full. He ordered the Department of Public Security to send people to Hangzhou to recruit Chen Que to the Imperial Academy as a doctor. He He is a professor at Hangzhou University, and will be transferred to Jinling University to teach in the future. Also, let him be the teacher of the prince, and he will talk about 'qi, xinxing'."

"According to the order!"

Li Xiangjun was quite surprised, because Chen Que was too radical and had always been regarded as a "crazy Confucian" among the people.

This guy came from the Jishan School, but apart from the orthodox school and the revisionist school, he broke away from the self-contained school.And his faction is currently the only one, not even a formal student (not counting students in the university).

"Take all these newspapers." Zhao Han didn't want to read purely quarrel articles.

Whether it is an academic dispute, or a dispute between men and women, there will definitely be no result.

What Zhao Han needs is just the process of quarreling.

It is enough to let more people know about the idea of ​​equal rights between men and women. Whether people accept it or not is secondary.Everyone who thinks on their knees knows that it is difficult for the public to accept it, and the development of productivity has not yet reached that point.

The same is true for academic disputes. Large-scale public debates have caused more people to pay attention to ideological movements and inspired more people to think about the pros and cons of Confucianism.

The next day, Zhao Han called Wang Zhiliang, the principal of Jinling University, and said, "How is the school?"

Wang Zhiliang said: "Someone got into a fight because of an academic dispute."

"Hahahaha!"

Zhao Han laughed happily and said, "As long as there is no disability, young people can exercise their hands and feet. Of course, beating is wrong, and punishment should still be punished."

Wang Zhiliang was very helpless about this: "Your Majesty, the place where the most quarrels are happening now is neither newspapers, restaurants, nor brothels, but precisely in universities! Those students, you support this, I agree with that, after class Just argue. When you talk about it, you will blush, and if you don't pay attention, you will fight."

Zhao Han said: "A hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend. This is an excellent phenomenon. Don't force students to believe in one faction, and don't be sure which faction is right. Let the students make their own choices."

Wang Zhiliang said: "Your Majesty, there has never been such confusion in the Confucian debate since ancient times. There are dozens of schools in the Jinling Mansion alone, and many of them are extremely fallacious. Such a chaotic thinking will inevitably affect the students of the university and cause the students' thinking to be so chaotic. It is also extremely chaotic. Such a situation is not conducive to the enlightenment of sages, nor is it conducive to the court's governance of the people."

But Zhao Han said: "It's chaotic now, and in a few decades, we'll be able to get rid of the chaff and save the chaff. Don't be afraid of chaos, but fear that one family will dominate. Students don't even dare to have novel ideas."

With so many schools of thought, Zhao Han has made great contributions.

Just because he did not recognize the fame of the previous dynasty, many scholars, scholars, and even Jinshi of the Ming Dynasty were unable to become officials directly.These scholars disdain to start from a small official, and either choose to be a teacher or study at home.Then call friends, gather to give lectures, write books, publish newspapers, give advice, and even instill students with their own ideas in schools.

As a result, chaotic schools of thought were formed, and some individuals dared to start schools.For example, Chen Que is one person, one faction.

During the examination period, the university is still in session.

Chen Que has now become a man of the hour, and his former friends broke up with him one after another.

Even Huang Zongxi wrote letters to refute some of Chen Que's views, such as saying that "The Great Learning" should not be a fake, but it still belongs to the scope of normal discussion.Huang Zongxi and Chen Que had always had great academic differences, but they never affected their friendship.

"Professor Chen, you can't talk about qi and mind in class. How about you tell us during the holidays?"

"Yes, sir, we read the newspaper, and we all feel that there is still more to say, and we have a lot of doubts and want to ask for advice."

"Sir, why don't I treat you tonight and go to a restaurant to give lectures while having a drink."

"..."

Chen Que's article was published successively in newspapers in Hangzhou and Nanjing.Although there are many critics, there are also many supporters.Among the students of Hangzhou University, there are many radical thinkers who are willing to worship under his disciples and become disciples.

Chen Que patted the ruler and signaled the students to be quiet: "There are many rules when entering our gate. Many of you are from rich households in Zhejiang. Today, the emperor implements benevolent government and the people, and the people are happy and prosperous, but the trend of extravagance is intensifying. For funerals and marriages, there are always big banquets, and the dowry is getting richer and richer. This is wrong. To be my direct disciple, the banquet at home must be kept simple. When someone goes home to marry a wife, the welcoming team is half a block away, I know He must be swept out!"

"Hahahaha!" The students laughed.

Chen Que said: "Also. My students, you are not allowed to believe in Buddhism. My students, you are not allowed to be obsessed with Feng Shui. When you die, you die. Where is it different? My students, you are not allowed to gamble. Those who are obsessed with gamblers, Your mind is too weak to comprehend my knowledge!"

A student asked: "Sir, playing mahjong with friends, is it gambling if you win or lose?"

Chen Que said: "Occasional entertainment is fine. I don't engage in the practice of keeping the laws of nature and destroying human desires. It is human nature to gamble. But you must not be obsessed. Once you are obsessed, your character will be ruined. But people also need entertainment. People who don't entertain, It’s a fake Taoist. My school is to be a person with true temperament, to be a person who has seven emotions and six desires, but can restrain the seven emotions and six desires. Alright, let’s go to class and don’t talk about other things.”

During the class, there were already people in official uniforms standing outside the classroom to listen.