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The outer court is led by the cabinet, and the constitution establishes the powers and responsibilities of the cabinet.

It even stipulates the number of cabinet ministers, with a minimum of three and a maximum of nine, which must be an odd number.In case of disagreement, the chief assistant can make a decision, but the decision must be approved by the emperor.

To revise the "Constitution" and "Law of Great Harmony", the emperor, the cabinet, ten ministries, and ten Caos must all be present.

The Cabinet can propose changes and additions to laws based on the status quo.The emperor convened a grand court meeting, and more than [-]% of the officials above the third rank attended to discuss changes to the legal rules.Each person has one vote, and more than [-]% of the votes can be passed.The emperor has the right to reject it!

Party struggles belong to human struggles, don't talk about civil servant groups and merchant groups, there are many officials of gentry and merchant background in Ming Dynasty, who stand on the opposite side of Donglin Party.

With regard to voting resolutions, Zhao Han only stipulated that votes could be made during legislation, and it was difficult for civil servants to reach a consensus, and there was no need to form party disputes over several laws.If the civil officials really reach a consensus and amend the law indiscriminately, then there are only two possibilities: first, there are powerful ministers in the court; second, the collusion between officials and businessmen has corroded the center.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the chief assistant could not make the decision, and even the cabinet resolutions had to be voted on, which would stimulate the emergence of party disputes.This is purely because Zhang Juzheng left a shadow on the monarch and his ministers, and his successors overcorrected, fearing that the powerful ministers would appear again, and the cabinet changed to a voting system, which made a mess.

According to Zhao Han's "Constitution", the power of the chief assistant of the cabinet is about the same as that of the Hongzhi and Zhengde dynasties.

Local governments can also formulate local regulations, which must comply with the Constitution and the Law of Datong.After several sets of local teams reach an agreement, it must be reported to the central government for approval.

In addition, there are regulations for the military.

The emperor is the supreme leader of the Datong army, and the army cannot intervene in politics.However, after resigning as a commander, a military general can be transferred to the Ministry of War as a military attache, or even enter the cabinet as a cabinet minister-not as the chief assistant or second assistant.

The British constitutional monarchy is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, and the parliament is the country's highest legislature and power organ.

The constitutional monarchy in Germany is a dual constitutional monarchy. The monarch is the head of state and has real power. He can appoint cabinet officials and has veto power over the legislation of the parliament.

Zhao Han established a constitution, somewhat similar to Germany, but without the existence of a parliament.

Because the dual system of constitutional monarchy is the product of a compromise between the emperor and the powerful class, and Zhao Han does not need to compromise at all.Dualist constitutional monarchy, what is the result of its compromise?It is the parliament that does not care about the life and death of the common people when it makes laws. The laws are all in favor of the powerful and the bourgeoisie.

Zhao Han's "Constitution" is completely different. His real purpose is to confirm his will in the form of a constitution.

For example, the concept of the Chinese nation includes the Han nationality and other nationalities, all of whom are Chinese people.Another example is the personality theory, everyone is born equal in personality, and slaves and servants are not allowed to exist.Fengtian Chengyun Emperor became Fengtian Yingmin Emperor.

There is also the legal system. Zhu Yuanzhang pioneered the integration of the government and the people in the law.Zhao Han went a step further on this basis and defined it in the form of a constitution. Officials and common people face the same law.

Opening the sea is also determined by the Constitution.

No matter what the situation is, the emperors and ministers of later generations are not allowed to completely close the country, and at most temporarily block the port because of the war.

There is even equality between men and women, although Zhao Han did not mention it in the constitution.But everyone is equal, and men and women should also be equal. Are women not human?

Scholars, farmers, businessmen, monks, Taoists, doctors and divination, all kinds of professions are also equal in the constitution.

Zhao Han just started an era, setting the general direction for future generations of monarchs and ministers.As for future emperors and ministers, Zhao Han didn't bother to take care of any messy things that happened, and it was impossible to take care of them at all.

Maybe after two or three generations, female officials will be abolished, and the emperor will use eunuchs again-this possibility is very small, but it is difficult to say for sure.

Even, Zhao Han is still embedded in the constitution, thinking of expansion and colonialism.

That is the sentence: The place where Chinese civilization spreads should be the land of Datong China, and one of them must be indispensable.

At first glance, it seems useless, but ambitious monarchs and ministers in later generations will definitely use this sentence as a reason for expansion.

About the Confucius family in Qufu, the Zhang family in Longhushan, including Wudang Mountain and the like.Zhao Han mentioned in the chapter on land that these cultural and religious forces can respect and sacrifice, but they must strictly abide by land laws and regulations. Later monarchs granted half an acre of land for sacrifice, which is a very serious violation of the constitution.

To violate the constitution means not to abide by the virtue of the king!

After the Ching Ming Festival holiday, Zhao Han called Chen Wenkui and took out the newly released "Constitution": "Look here, this "Constitution", I don't want to make it public for the time being. If you major in "Datong Law", follow the "Constitution" "Framework."

Zhao Han went to review the memorial himself, while Chen Wenkui sat beside him and read it slowly. The old man memorized the general content in a daze.

At noon, Zhao Han called Chen Wenkui to eat: "What do you think?"

Chen Wenkui said: "Your Majesty has a far-sighted vision, and I can only speculate about it. This "Constitution of Datong China" is quite similar to the "Emperor Ming Zu Xun" written by Ming Taizu. "Emperor Ming Zu Xun" was written for the descendants of the Zhu family. And the "Constitution of Great Harmony China" was written for all people in the world to read, and it was also written for future generations of monarchs and ministers to read."

Zhao Han smiled and nodded: "Continue."

Chen Wenkui also said: "The "Emperor Ming Zu Xun" is the Zhu family's ancestor's instruction, so it is unavoidably petty, but it is also mixed with state affairs, so it can only be put on the shelf by the Zhu family's descendants. It is said that An Nanguo has repeatedly violated the previous Ming. Respectful, but listed Annan as a country that will not be conquered. This is absurd. Your Majesty's "Constitution of Great Harmony China" rarely talks about details, but only outlines general principles. This great voice is also hopeless, and future generations of monarchs, ministers, and all people in the world can follow Govern the country according to His Majesty's way, and change the country's government because of the changing times."

"That's a great word!" Zhao Han immediately praised it.

Chapter 582 [Another Disaster]

Zhao Han had many things to do. At noon, he discussed with Chen Wenkui the compilation of "The Law of Datong", and in the afternoon he summoned Cao Xuequan who had written several letters of resignation.

Cao Xuequan is one of the originators of Fujian opera, and the author of the phrase "Every time there are more dogs slaughtered in righteousness, most of them are scholars who are unwilling". . .At the same time, he is also the director of the Qintianyuan Planetarium and the nominal editor-in-chief of "Datong New Calendar".

This year in history, the Qing army invaded Fujian, and Cao Xuequan committed suicide for the Ming Dynasty.

"Why does Cao Qing want to become an official?" Zhao Han asked.

Cao Xuequan said: "Reporting to Your Majesty, I am old and rotten. This year I am seventy-two. Last winter, I caught wind and cold occasionally, and caused an old disease. I took medicine for three months and did not get better. I didn't recover until the beginning of spring. I am eager to return. Go back to my hometown in Fujian to live up to my old age."

He had already written several resignation letters, and Zhao Han really had no excuse to force him to stay. He just asked, "If you return to your hometown, who can succeed you as the director of the planetarium? Those from Europe don't need to recommend any more."

Cao Xuequan said: "The doctor of the planetarium once wrote different articles, and he should be the first choice for the director. The minister recommended him, not because he is a fellow from Fujian. His knowledge of astronomy is not the most profound in the museum. But if your majesty wants to be a scholar of the planetarium In the future, it is this person who seeks innovation, change and truth.”

"What deviant move did Zeng Yizhuan make?" Zhao Han asked with a smile.

Cao Xuequan replied: "Zeng Yi wrote "Fangshou Tang Collection", which said that "Poems" curse people, husbands, fathers, countries, queens, friends, brothers and nine clans. This theory may be biased, but it can be seen that Zeng Yi wrote this Human beings are by no means conformist. There are many scholars in the planetarium, and there are many knowledgeable people, but it is difficult to jump out of the traditional mold, or go against the original intention of His Majesty to establish the planetarium."

Zhao Han praised: "Qing Cao knows me!"

The reason why "The Book of Songs" is listed as the Five Classics is because it has been given political attributes since the time of Confucius.It is clearly written about the love between men and women, but it is interpreted as a minister persuading the emperor of Zhou. Similar explanations run through the entire "Book of Songs", especially the study of "Book of Songs" in the Han Dynasty is the most outrageous.

Zeng Yi wrote that he dared to say that "The Book of Songs" is abusive, he is really a deviant person!

Just like the couplet written by Zeng Yi to the Iron Buddha Hall of Kaiyuan Temple: Ancient Buddhas are all iron men, but ordinary people are said to be golden.

This kind of person is indeed what Zhao Han needs if he is in charge of the planetarium.

After Zhao Han's resignation was approved, Cao Xuequan presented another astronomical observation report: "Your Majesty, the south has become increasingly cold in recent years. You should notify the local officials and be ready to prevent frost and snow disasters at any time."

The observation report is written very plainly, without twists and turns.

Especially for the observation records of several fixed waters such as Taihu Lake, Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, etc., scholars have found that in recent winters, the area of ​​floating ice on the water surface has become larger and larger.The original mercury thermometer has also been invented, and the number of severe cold days in the past two years has also increased.

After reading the observation report carefully, Zhao Han nodded and said, "The gentlemen of the astronomical officer have worked hard, and they will all be rewarded."

The demise of the Ming Dynasty does not mean the end of the Little Ice Age.

As far as the south is concerned, the real severe cold period has just begun.In other words, the extremely cold weather is spreading from the north to the south, and it will last until 60 years later.

This year marks the second year of the Maunder Minimum, a period in which sunspot activity nearly ceased for the next 60 years.Under normal circumstances, tens of thousands of sunspot activities can be observed within 25 years, and this number drops sharply to dozens of times during the "Maunder Minimum".

Later generations, through the study of ancient ice cores, showed that this situation began in the 14th year of Chongzhen, which coincided with the peak period of the drought in the late Ming Dynasty.

There is no convincing scientific conclusion about the relationship between sunspot activity and the earth's weather.

However, according to historical records and scientific research, southern China will usher in truly extremely cold weather in seven years.The Yangtze River Hanshui Taihu Lake Dongting Lake Poyang Lake, in the coldest time, has been frozen for three or four consecutive winters, and it is not even possible to sail on the Yangtze River in winter!

The last time the Yangtze River was frozen was recorded in the 39th year of Kangxi, that is, 54 years after this time, Zhao Han would be 82 years old if he was still alive.

Cao Xuequan bowed and retreated, while Zhao Han fell silent.

There is no need for any scientific observations at all, and people can experience firsthand that the winter in Nanjing has been getting colder and colder in the past two years.Cold winter weather, together with floods and droughts, shifted to the south, while the situation in the north has improved.

After sitting for a while, Zhao Hanfu laughed again.Kangxi was able to create a prosperous age, so would he be afraid of Tianwei?

As long as we pay close attention to the administration of officials, frequent natural disasters can actually exercise the executive power of the imperial court!

In late March, Cao Xuequan, director of the astronomical museum, retired.Because he led the editor-in-chief of "Datong New Calendar", the crown prince was specially added to protect the title to show the emperor's kindness.

With Cao Xuequan's resignation and return to his hometown, this year's severe drought in the south of the Yangtze River also kicked off.

In late April, Pang Chun came, Li Banghua, Song Yingxing and three cabinet ministers to meet the emperor urgently with various ministers.

Pang Chunlai said: "Your Majesty, there has been a severe drought in Jianghuai and Jiangnan this year. Some counties have not had a drop of rain since the beginning of spring. Although local officials organize disaster relief and the water conservancy in Jianghuai and Jiangnan is also very complete, it is still difficult to resist Tianwei. Please wait." For the war in the north, just consolidate the newly occupied areas, don’t go out to fight, and wait until next year to clean up the Tartars. The immigration plan of the northern provinces should also be halved this year, and the household department needs to transfer money and food for disaster relief.”

"Ugh!"

Zhao Han couldn't help sighing: "Let the Tartars live on for another two years."

The Lianghuai area is better this year, and the drought in the Jiangnan area is even worse than that during the Chongzhen period.

Historically, June of this year was supposed to be the rainy season with continuous rain.But the Qiantang River was so dry that the Qing soldiers took the opportunity to cross the river and occupy Jinhua and Shaoxing.However, the Nanming army did not have the Qiantang River to defend, so King Lu could only flee to Zhoushan in a hurry.

"Your Majesty Shengming!"

Pang Chunlai originally planned to retire after regaining Liaodong and return to his hometown to take care of his old age, but now he is delayed due to severe drought.

Zhao Han asked: "This year, the southern provinces have reported drought one after another. Apart from Jiangnan and Lianghuai, which provinces have severe droughts?"

Song Yingxing replied: "The drought in the south of the Yangtze River is the worst, followed by the disaster in the Jianghuai River and Huaihe River, and Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Hubei and Sichuan are the third."

Zhao Han's head got dizzy when he heard that, the Dongting Lake Plain is a granary.In the past few years, there has only been a good harvest for one year, and the remaining years are full of severe droughts and minor droughts.

As for Jiangnan, there are more cotton and mulberry trees, but the number of grain fields is very small. The drought will only cause a shortage of raw materials for the textile industry.As long as the relief is effective, it will not cause too many food problems.

After listening to the reports from various ministries, Zhao Han made a decision: "This year, the number of immigrants will be halved, and we will focus on consolidating the land in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Liaoning. Order the army not to enter Hetao, and let Li Zicheng fight in the grassland. Datong in Hebei Army, don't go to seize Zhangjiakou. Liaodong army, maintain the current occupied area, defend the Liao Great Wall in the east, and don't attack Sarhu again."

After finishing speaking, Zhao Han added: "The war in the Southwest will not stop. There was no war in the Southwest last year, and we have consolidated western Guangxi, Southern Sichuan and Guizhou. This year we must win Yunnan."

Li Banghua said: "We didn't go to fight Shadingzhou last year. This person became more and more swollen and expanded in Yunnan, which aroused the public anger of the chieftains in Yunnan. This is a good time to send troops to Yunnan. The chieftains in Yunnan will not help Go to Shadingzhou to fight."

"Then send troops after the summer harvest!" Zhao Han said.

Although the puppet emperor of Yunnan and Mu Tianbo belonged to the Datong court long ago.But only in name, they still have an army, and the army is not allowed to enter the territory of the Datong court.

Sha Dingzhou, the chieftain of Yunnan, rebelled for nearly two years, and Mu Tianbo fled everywhere. Mu Tianbo could only shrink back in Zhanyizhou (Xuanwei) to eat ham.If it wasn't for the fear of provoking the nearby Datong Army, Sha Dingzhou would have wiped out Mu Tianbo.

Shadingzhou was unable to expand northward, so they fought towards the west of Yunnan, and the chieftains along the way surrendered one after another.

Surrender is just the beginning. Although you can keep your power, you have to pay tribute and taxes to Shadingzhou every year.In order to expand the army in Shadingzhou, the amount of tribute was set higher and higher, which made the chieftains of Yunnan miserable.

By the way, just in March of this year, Sha Dingzhou's envoy arrived in Nanjing, submitted a petition for the second time, and begged Emperor Zhao to appoint him as a consolation envoy to Yunnan.

As a token of sincerity, Shadingzhou also presented [-] Yunnan horses and some Yunnan native products.Thirty girls from Yunnan were sent, and they were looted from which prefecture or county, and they were said to be used as court ladies by Emperor Zhao.

Zhao Han accepted the gift with a smile, and then drove the envoys out of Nanjing.

When the envoys returned to Yunnan, Sha Dingzhou would definitely be outraged. This kind of humiliation was tantamount to a face-to-face slap.But the angrier the better, it is best to be so angry that you can attack the Datong army actively, so as to prevent the Datong army from looking for its main force across the mountains.

"Can you squeeze out food for disaster relief, and at the same time fight in Yunnan?" Zhao Han asked Fei Chun.

Fei Chun bit the bullet and said: "Yes!" Then he said, "Please cooperate with the Ministry of Commerce to prohibit grain merchants from hoarding, and set the official price of grain in various places. If there is any violation, the license of the grain merchant will be revoked, and the house will be confiscated and exiled to a barren land." !"

Zhao Han nodded and said, "Yes! In the year of natural disasters, we should use heavy methods."

In the evening, Zhao Han came to the queen's bedroom and lay down to rest exhausted physically and mentally.

Fei Rulan sent the maid away, massaged Zhao Han's shoulders personally, and asked, "Are there any difficulties in court today?"

Zhao Han enjoyed the massage with his eyes closed, and said: "The weather is not good, and this year there is a spring drought in several provinces, and the grain harvest must be severely poor. According to reports from local officials, the water in the Qiantang River is almost bottoming out, and the drought is worse than during the Chongzhen period. "

"My husband, don't worry, as long as the monarch and his subjects practice benevolent government, there will be a good day." Fei Rulan comforted.

Zhao Han said helplessly: "I don't want good weather, I only want minor disasters and minor disasters. God, if disasters happen every now and then, who the hell can bear it? Fortunately, there was no severe drought last year, otherwise there would be no war in the north."

By the way, South Vietnam and North Vietnam have been at war for the past two years, and there is not enough food in Vietnam. It is also difficult for the imperial court to go to Vietnam to buy food.

How about a civil war?Isn't it good to grow and sell food for China with peace of mind?

Chapter 583 [Imported Sheep]

Under the interference of the local government, more than [-]% of the cotton fields in the south of the Yangtze River this year have been replanted with drought-resistant crops such as millet, corn, and soybeans.

Because although cotton is drought-tolerant, it must not suffer from drought, otherwise the yield will be severely reduced or even completely eliminated. . .

In the past few years, when the spring drought was encountered, the government also vigorously publicized it, but the farmers were not very cooperative.

After suffering a few more losses, the cotton farmers will learn to behave.

This year's work has been smoother. Under the initiative of local officials, the farmers' associations of villages and towns took the lead in connecting them. A large number of cotton farmers took the initiative to contact the government to buy or loan seeds of drought-resistant crops such as millet.

In June of the new calendar, the first batch of wool from Chahar was transported to Yangzhou by merchants for sale.

Jiangnan textile merchants gathered in Yangzhou to grab goods.

The predictable decline in cotton production has driven up the price of wool and even the worst quality felt.

"One dollar and five, I will offer one dollar and five!"

"One dollar and five cents two!"

"I'll pay you one dollar and five cents!"

"..."

The warehouse outside the city of Yangzhou Prefecture, the northern wool merchants, even held an auction here.

One yuan and five yuan, that is, one tael and five silver coins, can wholesale a load of medium-quality and rough-processed wool.

"One dollar and sixty one cents, this owner makes a deal!"